Comparison of kinematic measures between experts and trainees. The kinematic measures (A, total time; B, lead time; C, path length; D, peak movements; and E, time–distance multiple) represent values calculated from data exported from the simulator during an evaluation (see Kinematic Analysis under Materials and Methods for description). Data are a composite of all 13 images acquired during the simulated examination. The measurement periods are the week of evaluation, performed at the end of the second hands-on session. Comparison among subjects was performed by Friedman test. All five measures showed a statistically significant reduction over the course of 4 weeks (P < 0.01 for all). The expert cohort is included for reference and is not statistically compared here.