Effects of gavage with the Lamiophlomis rotata (L. rotata) aqueous extract on formalin-induced pain (A, B), peripheral nerve injury–induced mechanical allodynia (C, D), bone cancer–induced mechanical allodynia (E, F), thermally evoked nociceptive withdrawal responses (G, H), rotarod test (I), and locomotor activity test (J) in rats. Dose–response analysis of gavage with the L. rotata aqueous extract on formalin-induced tonic hyperalgesia measured by areas under the flinching response curve from 10 to 90 min (B), neuropathic pain (D) and bone cancer–induced mechanical allodynia (F), best fitted by the nonlinear least-squares method. (K) Effects of multiple daily gavage with L. rotata aqueous extract on mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 6 in each group).