Autophagy-related gene transcripts in the diaphragm during mechanical ventilation (MV). Quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels for prototypical autophagy-related genes, expressed as fold-change relative to average control (CTRL) value (normalized to HPRT1). For BNIP3, mRNA levels in the fasting group (mean, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 3.2) were increased relative to MV (mean, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7) and CTRL (mean, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.6). For GABARAPL1, mRNA levels were increased in the fasting group (mean, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.1) relative to CTRL (mean, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.5) but not MV (mean, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.5). *P < 0.05 versus CTRL; †P < 0.05 versus MV (ANOVA, n = 8 mice per group).